Geografi II

 Geografi
ii. data classification, tabulation,  and make graph.
at the (time) of want to carry out data collecting, sure haunt mengapakan data that gatherred. from datas that gatherred can be done data classification, average number for example, maximum number, number minimum,  and modus or data most often appear. datas can be described or displayed dakam form table, also graph.

iii. make map tematik by using simbol (points, line and luasan)
a. make map tematik by using simbol
there three kinds symbol for cartography, that is symbol points, line,  and luasan.
1. points simbol
points simbol is used to describe distribution various phenomenon mempermukaan earth. points simbol divided be two, that is has qualitative (missal describe city location) and has quantitative (given heavy/ number value, missal one points represents 10 tons). use symbol points must has cirri clear so that easy be read by map user.
2. line simbol
line simbol is used to show phenomenon character, especially has qualitative, highway for example, railway, area limit, river and other as it. also can describe quantity from certain phenomenon. in depiction has quantity, usually used isopleth (line that connect places that has density or distribution value same).
example isopleth:
a. isotherm, that is lines that connect places with air temperature same.
b. isobar, lines mempeta that connect places that has air pressure same.
c. isohiyet, be line that connect place that has curah rain same.
d. isohypse, line that connect places with height same.
3. simbol luasan
this simbol is used for representing a area with symbol that include area luasan certain, swamp for example, forest, desert, former landing and other as it.

b. make map based on coordinate data with projection system.
to describe thing change from form three dimensions (like
ball surface) is two dimensions, so thing must be projected to into flat. map projection follows steers manner describes paralled line and meredian from globe kebidang flat. in do map projection, necessary there sifat-
map original character is defended. therefore map projection must:
1. ekuivalen, that is vast on map equal to vast on earth after
with certain scale comparison.
2. conform, that is forms or corners in map is defended same
with the original form.
3. ekuidistance, that is distances mempeta equal to distance mempermukaan earth
after multiplyinged with certain scale.
based on the projection area, map is discriminated to be 4 groups, that is projection zenithal (azimuth), cylinder projection, cone projection,  and unique projection (unique).

iv. distinguish map with image media (air photo and satellite image)
a. map media
1. map media base and map tematik
map is a picture,  but not all pictures is map. in study part geography a map of vital importance, even several geography experts have a notion that learn geography must be preced with map and ended with map. in general map benefit:
a. to show location in earth surface
b. describe vast and form various phenomenon, physical good also non physical
determine direction and distance various place
show height and slope slope
present persebaran with bature and non natural
describe vast and pattern
make possible conclusion taking from data or information available
show change movement and prediksidari goods transfer, persebaran industrial activities, human mobility and others.

in general map classifieds to be 2, that is map base and map tematik.
map base map that used as basis for cartography furthermore, usually that used as map base topography map that is map that show form conditon, earth visage distribution (relief), with memensinya.
complete topography map must hold the followings:
a. scale
b. map sheet number next the geography name
c. declination
d. position a map sheet towards another map sheet
e. contour line
f. relief, drainage, with culture
g. legend/ explanation

in topography map, relief a region at most described by using contour line, because has several surplus, among others:
a. height a place knowable
b. distance actually melapangan knowable
c. steepness level a slope knowable

several important characters from contour line:
a. all points in has height same
b. separate all pointss higher from lower
c. not may be proportioned with another contour line
d. steep ledge is described with contour almost at close quarters, while slopes region is described with distant contour
e. contour line not may be branch off
f. jagged line shows depression region
g. contour line circle/ close in map limit shows a hill.

map tematik map that describe data, either through quantitative also qualitative from elements specific. in map tematik explanation that presented in picture wears statement and simbols that has certain themes, presented in so many form that earth original form or human product elements.

2. draw map with dam system
enlarge and decry map activity changes map size be bigger or be smaller than map actually. map size change in proportion to with the map scale, mean map ever greater so also ever greater the scale. on the contrary smaller map so more littleer also the scale.

example:

a map berskala 1: 100.000

when is the map enlarged 2 times at first, so the scale is 1: 50.000

when decried 2 times so the scale be 1: 200.000

there are some manner in enlarge and decry map, among others with
use photocopy, pantograf,  and system dam/ compartment.

cartography example with dam system
origin map


0 1 2 3 4






after enlarged

0 1 2 3 4






steps that must be payed dlm cartography with system dam/ compartment
a. will determine region that be drawn
b. will determine big map that be drawn
c. will measures map that be changed
d. make terracing in original map and in paper that be used to will draw
e. map picture as according to the original map accurately till finish entire the map sketches.

1. map scale
map scale distance comparison mempeta with distance actually mempermukaan earth. map scale can be looked for by using formula:

distance mempeta
map scale = -----------------------------------
distance mempermukaan earth


a. map scale kinds
map scale can be grouped to be three kinds, that is:
1. numeric scale
number formed scale, called also piece scale.
example 1: 200.000, mean one cm mempeta represent 200.000 cm earthing.

2. graphic scale
line formed scale, called also pothouse scale
example:

0 10 20 30 40 50 km
0 1 2 3 4 5
mean along line on represent 50 km mempermukaan earth.

3. verbal scale
map scale that use unit inch with mile comparison
example 1 inch: 1 mile
mean 1 inch mempeta represent 1 mile mempermukaan earth, 1 mile = 63.360 inch
1 inch = 2,54 cm.

b. determine map scale
when a map not found the scale, so we can look for the scale
with assortedly manner, that is:
1. compare with map same that found the scale, although the map size differ.
example:
map a berskala 1: 250.000, while map b not found the scale. manner looks for map scale b with look for kenampa same in second map then measuresed long each kenampa in map a and map b. then looked for the scale by using formula:

d x a = d x b

long for example kenampa at a = 2 cm, while kenampa in map b along 8 cm, so map scale b:

2 x 250.000 = 8 x b
500.000 = 8 b
b = 500.000/ 8
= 62.500

so map scale b 1: 62.500

2. compare with pointss mempermukaan earth that has standard size.
example:
in map found kenampa area mendalamnya found betball field longly 4 cm, while long betball field actually 18 m (1.800 cm). so that map scale:

4: 1.800 = 1: 450

3. count degree difference across and lengthwise
distance between region one with other region mempermukaan earth countable by using degree across also lengthwise. so that also countable by using degree difference across and lengthwise, with rule:

known that 1º = 60 = 3.600 “ = 111 km.
example 1:
known distance mempeta between city a - b 1º and if measuresed with ruler so city second distance 10 cm. map scale:
10 cm: 111 km
= 10: 11.100.000
= 1: 1.110.000

example 2:
city a and b berjarak 30, if measuresed with the distance ruler 5 cm, so
map scale:

30 = 30/60 x 111 = 55,5 km = 5.550.000 cm
so map scale = 5: 5.550.000
= 1: 1.110.000

4. use map contur
if use contour map, so in indonesia operative formula:
ci = 1/ 2000 x scale denominator

c i am contur international, that is distance between contour one with other.
example:
in map found contour map with c i am = 150, how much is map scale?

150 = 1/ 2000 x scale denominator
scale denominator = 150 x 2000
= 300.000
so the map scale = 1: 300.00